Calcutta Medical College:
Calcutta Medical College In 1764, the English East India Company established Indian Medical Service (IMS) in British India to provide medical services to Europeans. Military and civilian hospitals in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras were managed by IMS officers. They also worked on the company's ships and in the army. For the utilitarian attitude and for the various hospitals, the English government has been involved in medical education in India since the necessity of preparing medicines, compounds and dreshers. The work of these medicines, compounders and dredgers was to assist European doctors and surgeons in the health services of European military and civil officials. Besides, the purpose of training these helpers was to reduce the burden of the company's expenses by limiting the appointment of European doctors.
The English government formulated a plan on May 9, 1822. The purpose of this plan was to train twenty-two young Indians to fill the positions of local doctors in military and civil institutions of the Bengal Presidency. Under the scheme, the Native Medical Institution (NMI) was established on 21 June 1822 in Calcutta. In this institution, medical education was given in mother language. For this purpose, books of Anatomy, Medicine and Surgery are translated from the European language for the students. Since 1826 classes of Unani and Ayurvedic courses were started respectively in the Calcutta Madrasa and Sanskrit College respectively.
In 1827, NMI's first superintendent orientalist John Tytler started lecturing about the science of mathematics and anatomy in a parallel college. Overall, in this phase, the medical education system introduced in the colonial India is going on in parallel with both western and domestic treatments. The translation of western medical literature is encouraged. Although dissection was not prevalent, but practical experience was needed. The trainee students had to go to different hospitals and dispensaries to learn from their hands. Those who achieved success among local doctors were taken to government jobs. Lord William's government appointed a committee at the end of 1833 to investigate the condition of medical education and to examine whether the local system should be discontinued. Dr. John Grant was the President of the committee and was a member of JCC Sutherland, CE Trevelyan, Thomas Spence, Ramcomal Sen and MJ Bramley. The committee criticizes NMI-paid medical education for faulty training and examination and not having practical dementia. The committee submitted its report on October 20, 1834. It was recommended to set up a medical college in the state for 'education of Indians', where teaching in different branches of medical science in Europe will be done. Students should have knowledge of reading and writing in English, Bangla and Hindustani languages and they should have possession of mathematics. The Bentinck Committee decided on behalf of the recommendations. As a result, the medical education system introduced for local doctors in the two leading schools of Kolkata ended. NMI was abolished and the curriculum in the Sanskrit College and Calcutta Madrasa was closed by a government order issued on 28 January 1835. The proposed new college is called 'Calcutta Medical College' (CMC).It was established on 20th of February order. It begins with a new chapter in the history of medical education in India. CMC plays the role of guide in oriental education in Western medicine. The aim of the Calcutta Medical College was to educate the local youths of 14 to 20 years of age, regardless of caste, in the traditional medical practice in Europe. Along with this, government sponsorships end in the treatment of domestic medical education. This resulted in chronic adverse reactions among Indian doctors pursuing domestic medical care. Later, nationalists too strongly criticized the government's move to boycott the domestic system. The Indian reaction to the newly introduced education system was not the same everywhere. Brahmin, Kayastha, Vaidya and Weaving among Hindus specially welcomed this system. On February 20, 1835, college activities began with student admission. From about a hundred students, 20 students who have studied in Hindu College, Hair School, or the General Assembly Institution are selected for admission through primary examination. More than twenty nine students were already elected. It was decided that all nine people will get government scholarship at a rate of 7 rupees and this amount will be increased gradually; They should be in college for four to six years; After completing college studies, they will have to take part in the final examinations; The passed students will get the eligibility certificate from the President of the Education Committee, so that they can practice surgery and herbal medicine; They will also be able to join public service; In those cases, they will be called 'Native Doctor'; Their initial salary will be 30 rupees monthly; After seven years, the salary will be 40 rupees and fourteen years after the 50 rupees. The college is entrusted with a full-time superintendent. A European Assistant was there to help him. For the education of students, arrangements were made for the government to provide an appropriate building, a library and anatomy education. In order to provide hands-on education, students had to go to the General Hospital, Native Hospital, The Honorable Company Dispensary and Dispensaries and Eye-Cure Centers for the Poor. Dr. M.J. Bramlie is the Superintendent and Dr. H.H. Goodview and W.B.O. Husansei are appointed professors.Only a staff, named Madhusudan Gupta from Native Medical Institution, was brought to the new college. Madhusudan Gupta was trained in Western medicine and practiced Ayurveda personally. Classes started in an old building on the back of the Hindu College. In May 1835, the entire organization was shifted to the new premises. Today the college is standing there. In the first year, lectures were given consistently on anatomy and physiology. O'Shaughanei gave lecture on chemistry in the second phase from January to March 1836 and in the second phase from April to September. In 1837 and 1838, the number of teachers in the college was increased. As a professor of surgery and clinical surgery, CC Agartan, Nathaniel Walice as Professor of Botany and R. O'Shaughnessy joined Anatomy as a Demonstrator. In the history of the expansion of Western medical science in British India, there has been a breakthrough in 1836. This year the first Indian students dissected the body. Many think that Madhusudan Gupta is the first Indian who dissectes the body of the human body. From some accounts of this incident, it is known that as students, Umacharan Sheet, Rajkrishna De, Dwarkanath Gupta and Nabin Chandra Mitra took part in the first dissection. They passed the examination held on 30 October 1838 and were declared qualified in surgery and medicine. They are considered as the first Indian to qualify in Western medicine, and they are the first sub-assistant surgeon to join government hospitals in XvKv, Murshidabad, Patna and Chittagong. Dwarkanath Tagore, Ramkamal Sen, etc., encouraged medical education in many ways by arranging scholarships and prizes for the meritorious students. Dwarkanath Tagore, Professor Godev and partly the British Government arranged for sending four students of the college with financial assistance to the welfare. Three of them Dwarkanath Basu, Bhola Nath Basu and Gopal Chandra Sheel passed the examination of the degree of Member of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) degree in 1846 and returned to India and joined the unrestricted medical service. Fourth Surya Kumar Chakravarty went to the College and obtained MD degree from University College of London, passed the Indian Medical Service examination as the first Indian and joined the contractual medical service. Shri Chakraborty took the position of Professor of Calcutta Medical College and remained in the position of Mattressia Medica Professor from 1864 to 1874 until his death.In 1842 a council of education was formed in place of the Committee of Public Instruction. The Council has made several changes in the curriculum and examination system. In 1844 new curriculum was introduced in consultation with London's Royal College of Surgeons. In 1846, the syllabus received recognition from the Royal College of Surgeons, the London University and the Society of Apothecary. After the establishment of Calcutta University in 1857, it has opened medical education department to provide medical degree. Further changes were made by the Department of Medical College syllabus. The universities provided three medical degrees. The three degrees are: Lancetet in Medicine and Surgery (LMS), Bachelor in Medicine (MB) and Doctor of Medicine (M.D.). Other changes brought to the college were aimed at providing more doctors to the army and civilians to prevent epidemics. In an order issued in August 1839, arrangements were made to provide medical education through Urdu and Hindu languages. It was taught about Anatomy, Mataria Medica, Herbal Medicine and Surgery. Western principles were followed in the dissection and teaching process. Initially 50 students were selected. Each of them was given a monthly allowance of 5 rupees. They had to take clinical training at the Medical College Hospital in 1838. In 1840, a 100-bed women hospital was set up at the public campus of the college premises. After this, in 1853, a large hospital was established in collaboration with 350 patients. Among other hospitals were: Eden Hospital (1881-82), Era Hospital (1887), Shyamacharan Laha Eye Hospital and Prince of Wales Surgical Block, established in March 1911. Prior to 1857, the number of students admitted in the maternity class was fluctuating from 28 to 69 years. After 1857 the numbers gradually increased. For the local medical diplomas, students had to take anatomy, mataria medica, surgery and herbal medicine at the end of the study period. In 1851, the British Government introduced a Bengali class at the Calcutta Medical College, to meet the growing needs of indigenous doctors. It was compulsory to acquire skills in Bangla for admission to this class. Theoretical and practical courses were similar to the Hindu classes. The examination of 21 students admitted in this class was taken in 1853.Those who pass, they get a job as a subordinate person in health services like Hospital attitudes or Varnacular Lancetet in Medicine and Surgery (VLMM). Some of them have been recruited to the charitable dispensary and jail hospital under the deputy magistrate. There were 88 students in Bengali class in 1856-57. By 1872, the number increased to 635. The students were mainly Brahmin, Kayastha and Vaidya class. In 1864, the Bengali class was divided into two branches: one of the 'Native Appropriate' branches; The students were trained for government jobs. The other is the 'Varnacular Lancetet' branch; Here, the students were taught in the fields of herbal medicine and surgery to provide medical services to low-income Indians. The two branches were shifted to a new school called 'Shealda Medical School' or 'Campbell Medical School' in 1873. Most of the students were European, & Eurasian and Hindu gentlemen class. Although the number of Muslim students increased slightly in the 1880-1890s, it was very low; According to a decision passed on June 29, 1883, F.A. After passing, women were given the right to be admitted to the CMC. The first Indian woman to be admitted to the Kadambini Ganguly CMC from the Bengali Brahmo Samaj came first. In 1884 a monthly scholarship of 20 rupees was declared for all female students. Bidhuukhu Basu and Virginia Marie Mitra received this scholarship and as the first Indian woman to be honored as a graduate in medical science in 1888-89. CMC's growth clause is significant in terms of student numbers. By 1891, the growth of the student population was not comparatively high. But it increased rapidly from 1891-92 to 1901-02. Again, in 1906-07, the numbers suddenly came down. It is noteworthy that at this time, the Swadeshi movement in Bengal became the target. After that, the number of students started to grow intensely as before. In 1911-12, it rose from 612 people in 1921-22 to 1030 people. In the middle of the 1920s the number of students continued to decline; But in the thirties again it grew. A significant change occurred in 1906: LMS that came from 1861. Calcutta University authorities closed the examination. Then university only MB. And MD Decided to pay the degree. LMS in 1911 Students' last batch examinations were held. In the 1930s, the preservation of seats was introduced in proportion to the proportion of the population of different classes. In addition, it is decided that five out of 100 students will be women. Most of the female students came from Anglo-Indian, Christian, Brahma and Parsi societies. In 1940, the duration of the study was 6 years to 5 years. After this, six months pre-registration clinical assistantship In 1940, CMC's Student Club became a 'Student Union'.
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